Machine Design
The cracks in helical springs used in railway carriages usually start on the inner side of the coil because of the fact that

It has a lower curvature than the outer side
It is more stretched than the outer side during the manufacturing process
It is subjected to a higher cyclic loading than the outer side
It is subjected to a higher stress than the outer side

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Machine Design
In order to determine the stresses in a thin cylinder due to an internal pressure, it is assumed that

The tensile stresses are uniformly distributed over the section of the walls
The effect of the restraining action of the heads at the end of the pressure vessel is neglected
All of these
The effect of curvature of the cylinder wall is neglected

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