Machine Design
The cracks in helical springs used in railway carriages usually start on the inner side of the coil because of the fact that

It is more stretched than the outer side during the manufacturing process
It has a lower curvature than the outer side
It is subjected to a higher stress than the outer side
It is subjected to a higher cyclic loading than the outer side

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Machine Design
Slenderness ratio is the ratio of

Maximum size of column to minimum size of column
Width of column to depth of column
Effective length of column to least radius of gyration of the column
Effective length of column to width of column

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