Machine Design
The cracks in helical springs used in railway carriages usually start on the inner side of the coil because of the fact that

It is subjected to a higher cyclic loading than the outer side
It has a lower curvature than the outer side
It is more stretched than the outer side during the manufacturing process
It is subjected to a higher stress than the outer side

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Machine Design
For same pulley diameters, center distance, belt speed and belt and pulley materials,

Open belt drive transmits more power than crossed belt drive
Crossed belt drive transmits more power than open belt drive
Power transmission does not depend upon open and crossed types of constructions
Open and crossed belt drives transmit same power

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Machine Design
Stress concentration is caused due to

Variation in properties of material from point to point in a member
Abrupt change of section
Pitting at points or areas at which loads on a member are applied
All of these

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