Process Control and Instrumentation
The characteristic equation for the control system with a closed loop transfer function G₁/1 + G₂ is given by 1 + G₂ = 0. The characteristic equation for the control system

Depends only upon the open loop transfer function
Determines its stability
All of these
Is the same for set point or load changes

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Process Control and Instrumentation
Accurate temperature measurement performance of a radiation pyrometer can not be affected, if the

Enhancement or attentuation of redia-tion occurs in the sighting path
Object and surrounding are at almost the same temperature
Object has varying emissivity
Object is transparent

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