Process Control and Instrumentation
Normal mercury thermometer can be used to measure a temperature of about 300°C. However, its maximum temperature measurement range can be increased upto about 500°C by

Filling nitrogen under pressure in the stem
Increasing the diameter of the tube
Accounting for the tube expansion
Using steel tube in place of glass tube

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Process Control and Instrumentation
For a feed back control system to be stable, the

Roots of the characteristic equation should be real
Bode plots of the corresponding open loop transfer function should monotoni-cally decrease
Poles of the closed loop transfer function should lie in the left half of the complex plane
Poles of the closed loop transfer function should lie in the right half of the complex plane

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