Machine Design
The buckling load will be maximum for a column, if

One end of the column is clamped and the other end is free
Both ends of the column are clamped
Both ends of the column are hinged
One end of the column is hinged and the other end is free

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Machine Design
Cold working

Has no influence on fatigue strength
Alone has no influence on fatigue strength
Increases the fatigue strength
Decreases the fatigue strength

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