Machine Design
Two closely coiled helical springs with stiffness k₁ and k₂ respectively are connected in series. The stiffness of an equivalent spring is given by

(k₁ - k₂)/ (k₁ k₂)
(k₁ - k₂)/ (k₁ + k₂)
(k₁ k₂)/ (k₁ + k₂)
(k₁ + k₂)/ (k₁ k₂)

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Machine Design
In oilness bearings

Do not require external supply of lubricant
The oil film is maintained by supplying oil under pressure
The oil film pressure is generated only by the rotation of the journal
Grease required to be applied after some intervals

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