Machine Design
Two closely coiled helical springs with stiffness k₁ and k₂ respectively are connected in series. The stiffness of an equivalent spring is given by

(k₁ - k₂)/ (k₁ + k₂)
(k₁ + k₂)/ (k₁ k₂)
(k₁ - k₂)/ (k₁ k₂)
(k₁ k₂)/ (k₁ + k₂)

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Machine Design
Tapered roller bearings can take

Both radial and axial loads and the ratio of these being less than unity
Axial load only
Both radial and axial loads and the ratio of these being greater than unity
Radial load only

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