Machine Design
Two closely coiled helical springs with stiffness k₁ and k₂ respectively are connected in series. The stiffness of an equivalent spring is given by

(k₁ k₂)/ (k₁ + k₂)
(k₁ - k₂)/ (k₁ k₂)
(k₁ - k₂)/ (k₁ + k₂)
(k₁ + k₂)/ (k₁ k₂)

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Machine Design
Pitch point of a cam is

Any point on the pitch curve
A point on the pitch curve having minimum pressure angle
A point on the pitch curve having maximum pressure angle
Any point on the pitch circle

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Machine Design
The contact ratio is the ratio of

Length of arc of contact to the circular pitch
Length of path of contact to the circular pitch
Length of arc of recess to the circular pitch
Length of arc of approach to the circular pitch

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Machine Design
An open belt drive is used when

Shafts are arranged at right angles and rotate in one definite direction
Shafts are arranged parallel and rotate in the opposite directions
Driven shaft is to be started or stopped whenever desired without interfering with the driving shaft
Shafts are arranged parallel and rotate in the same directions

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