Machine Design
Two closely coiled helical springs with stiffness k₁ and k₂ respectively are connected in series. The stiffness of an equivalent spring is given by

(k₁ - k₂)/ (k₁ k₂)
(k₁ + k₂)/ (k₁ k₂)
(k₁ - k₂)/ (k₁ + k₂)
(k₁ k₂)/ (k₁ + k₂)

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Machine Design
Form coefficient of spring is

Load required to produce unit deflection
Concerned with strength of wire of spring
Ratio of coil diameter to wire diameter
Its capability of storing energy

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