Machine Design
Two closely coiled helical springs with stiffness k₁ and k₂ respectively are connected in series. The stiffness of an equivalent spring is given by

(k₁ + k₂)/ (k₁ k₂)
(k₁ k₂)/ (k₁ + k₂)
(k₁ - k₂)/ (k₁ k₂)
(k₁ - k₂)/ (k₁ + k₂)

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Machine Design
Elastic nut is a locking device in which

Hard fibre or nylon cotter is recessed in the nut and becomes threaded as the nut is stewed on the bolt causing a tight grip
One small nut is tightened over main nut and main nut tightened against smaller one by loosening, creating friction jamming
A slot is cut partly in middle of nut and then slot reduced by tightening a screw
Through slots are made at top and a cotter pin is passed through these and a hole in the bolt, and cotter pin splitted and bent in reverse direction at other end

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