Machine Design
The angle of twist of shaft is

Directly proportional to (shaft diameter)²
Directly proportional to (shaft diameter)⁴
Inversely proportional to (shaft diameter)⁴
Inversely proportional to (shaft diameter)²

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Machine Design
The contact ratio is the ratio of

Length of arc of approach to the circular pitch
Length of arc of contact to the circular pitch
Length of path of contact to the circular pitch
Length of arc of recess to the circular pitch

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