Engineering Thermodynamics
The air standard efficiency of an Otto cycle is given by (where r = Compression ratio, and γ = Ratio of specific heats)

1 - rγ - 1
1 + (1/ rγ - 1)
1 + rγ - 1
1 - (1/ rγ - 1)

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Engineering Thermodynamics
The distillation carried out in such a way that the liquid with the lowest boiling point is first evaporated and re-condensed, then the liquid with the next higher boiling point is then evaporated and re-condensed, and so on until all the available liquid fuels are separately recovered in the sequence of their boiling points. Such a process is called

Carbonisation
Cracking
Fractional distillation
Full distillation

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