Machine Design
A stud

Has head at one end and other end fits into a tapped hole in the other part to be joined
Has both the ends threaded
Has a head on one end and a nut fitted to the other
Has pointed threads

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Machine Design
The effective stress in wire ropes during normal working is equal to the stress due to

Acceleration/retardation of masses plus stress due to bending
Bending plus stress due to acceleration/retardation
Axial load plus stress due to acceleration/retardation
Axial load plus stress due to bending

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