Refractory Technology
Spalling of a refractory means its

Fracture due to uneven expansion at high temperature
Resistance to chemical action of gases and molten fluxes
Softening
Resistancce to compressive loads

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Refractory Technology
Carbon refractories

Have extremely low thermal & electrical conductivities
Are not attacked by slags, as they are not wetted by melts
Do not resist temperature fluctuations
Do not burn/oxidise, when exposed to air on heating

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