Refractory Technology
Spalling of a refractory means its

Softening
Fracture due to uneven expansion at high temperature
Resistancce to compressive loads
Resistance to chemical action of gases and molten fluxes

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Refractory Technology
Thermal conductivity of refractory bricks

Increases with decrease in porosity
Decreases with decreases in porosity
Is independent of its porosity and is maximum for insulating bricks
Increases with the amount of air entrapped in pores

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