Refractory Technology
Spalling of a refractory means its

Fracture due to uneven expansion at high temperature
Softening
Resistancce to compressive loads
Resistance to chemical action of gases and molten fluxes

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Refractory Technology
Thermal conductivity of refractory bricks

Decreases with decreases in porosity
Increases with the amount of air entrapped in pores
Increases with decrease in porosity
Is independent of its porosity and is maximum for insulating bricks

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