Heat Transfer
Solid angle subtended by the finite surface at the radiating element is

called the angle of vision
proportional to the square of the distance between surfaces
called the view factor.
expressed in terms of radians

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Heat Transfer
A process stream of dilute aqueous solution flowing at the rate of10 Kg.s⁻¹ is to be heated. Steam condensate at 95°C is available for heating purpose, also at a rate of 10 Kg.s⁻¹. A 1 - 1 shell and tube heat exchanger is available. The best arrangement is

Parallel flow with process stream on tube side
Counter flow with process stream on shell side
Counter flow with process stream on tube side
Parallel flow with process stream on shell side

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