Heat Transfer
Solid angle subtended by the finite surface at the radiating element is

expressed in terms of radians
proportional to the square of the distance between surfaces
called the angle of vision
called the view factor.

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Heat Transfer
The thermal efficiency of a reversible heat engine operating between two given thermal reservoirs is 0.4. The device is used either as a refrigerator or as a heat pump between the same reservoirs. Then the coefficient of performance as a refrigerator (COP)R and the co-efficient of performance as a heat pump (COP)HP are

(COP)R = 1.5; (COP)HP = 2.5
(COP)R = (COP)HP = 2.5
(COP)R = 2.5; (COP)HP = 1.5
(COP)R = (COP)HP = 0.6

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