Allosteric Effects
Small molecules affect hemoglobin (Hb) by

decreasing Hb affinity for O2
increasing Hb affinity for O2
increasing [H+]
increasing [H+] and decreasing Hb affinity for O2

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Allosteric Effects
The conformational changes from the T to the R state is initiated by

movement of the F-helix, which contains the proximal His
reorganization of protein-protein contacts between the individual subunits
movement of the proximal histidine towards the heme
binding of oxygen to the heme

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Allosteric Effects
Bisphosphoglycerate (BPG) cannot bind to the oxygenated R state of hemoglobin because

its binding pocket becomes too small to accommodate BPG
it is displaced from the heme by oxygen
it is displaced from the heme by movement of the proximal histidine
BPG binds to the R state with the same affinity as the T state

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