Workshop Technology
Shift is a casting defect which

Results in a mismatching of the top and bottom parts of a casting
Occurs as sand patches on the upper surface of a casting
Occurs near the ingates as rough lumps on the surface of a casting
Results in general enlargement of a casting

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Workshop Technology
The diaphragm moulding machine is used to

Produce uniform packing of sand in the mould
Ram the sand harder at the pattern face with decreasing hardness towards the back of the mould
Give uniform sand hardness throughout the mould
Ram the sand harder at the back of the mould and softer on the pattern face

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Workshop Technology
Spot welding is used for welding

Butt joints in plates having 0.025 mm to 1.25 mm thickness
Lap joints in plates having 0.025 mm to 1.25 mm thickness
Lap joints in plates having thickness above 3 mm
Butt joints in plates having thickness above 3 mm

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