Machine Design
A stud

Has both the ends threaded
Has a head on one end and a nut fitted to the other
Has head at one end and other end fits into a tapped hole in the other part to be joined
Has pointed threads

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Machine Design
Stress concentration is caused due to

All of these
Pitting at points or areas at which loads on a member are applied
Variation in properties of material from point to point in a member
Abrupt change of section

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