Automation System
Semiconductor devices:

All of these
are less reliable than electro¬mechanical components
usually have a very short MTBF (mean time between failure)
have a very short infant mortality period
None of these

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Automation System
How is the integral mode implemented on a digital controller?

the digital controller cannot handle integral mode
All of these
None of these
the error is divided into discrete amounts
the error signal is summed over a discrete time interval and accumulated by the controller

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