Process Equipment and Plant Design
Seamless pipe is made

By extrusion & casting into static and centrifugal molds
From rolled strips formed into cylinders and seam-welded
Both B and C
By forging a solid round, piercing it by simultaneously rotating & forcing it over a piercer point and further reducing it by rolling gas drawing

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Process Equipment and Plant Design
The function of manholes provided in the shell of a distillation column is to

All of these
Keep a check on the liquid gradient over the plate by direct visual observation
Give access to the individual trays for cleaning, maintenance and installation
Guard against foaming & entrainment by dumping antifoaming agent through it

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Process Equipment and Plant Design
Generally, elliptical dished heads

Are approximately as strong as seamless cylindrical shell having the corresponding I.D and O.D
Are manufactured on 2:1 ratio of major to minor axis and is recommended to be used for pressure vessels operating above a pressure of 1.5 MN/m²
All of these
Resist half the pressure rating compared to hemi spherical head provided on the cylindrical shell of the same thickness and diameter

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Process Equipment and Plant Design
When one of the fluids is highly corrosive and has fouling tendency, it should

Perferably flow outside the tube
Flow at a very slow velocity
Flow outside the tube, when the flow is counter-current and inside the tube when the flow is co-current
Preferably flow inside the tube for its easier internal cleaning

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