Process Equipment and Plant Design
Seamless pipe is made

From rolled strips formed into cylinders and seam-welded
Both B and C
By extrusion & casting into static and centrifugal molds
By forging a solid round, piercing it by simultaneously rotating & forcing it over a piercer point and further reducing it by rolling gas drawing

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Process Equipment and Plant Design
Overall distillation column efficiency for most of the refinery columns can be given by (for μ = 0.07 - 1.4 cp and relative volatility < 4) (where η = overall column efficiency, % μ = molal average viscosity of feed at average column temperature and pressure, cp Δp = pressure drop per tray, psi)

Η = 1.66 - 0.25 log μ
Η = 24.6 (Δp/μ)
Η = 0.25 log μ - 1.67
Η = 17 - 61.1 log μ

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Process Equipment and Plant Design
In a shell and tube heat exchanger for a given heat transfer surface area, smaller diameter tubes are favoured as compared to larger diameter ones ; because the smaller diameter tubes

Are less prone to fouling
Are easier to clean
Can be fitted into a smaller shell diameter hence the cost of the heat exchanger would be less
None of these

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