Hydraulics and Fluid Mechanics in ME
Runaway speed of a hydraulic turbine is

The speed corresponding to maximum overload permissible
The speed if the turbine runner is allowed to revolve freely without load and with the wicket gates wide open
Full load speed
The speed at which turbine runner will be damaged

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Hydraulics and Fluid Mechanics in ME
A compound pipe of diameter d1, d2 and d3 having lengths l1, l2 and l3 is to be replaced by an equivalent pipe of uniform diameter d and of the same length (l) as that of the compound pipe. The size of the equivalent pipe is given by

l/d² = (l₁/d₁²) + (l₂/d₂²) + (l₃/d₃²)
l/d⁴ = (l₁/d₁⁴) + (l₂/d₂⁴) + (l₃/d₃⁴)
l/d⁵ = (l₁/d₁⁵) + (l₂/d₂⁵) + (l₃/d₃⁵)
l/d³ = (l₁/d₁³) + (l₂/d₂³) + (l₃/d₃³)

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Hydraulics and Fluid Mechanics in ME
When an ideal fluid flows past a sphere

lowest pressure intensity occurs at front stagnation point
lowest pressure intensity occurs at rear stagnation point
total drag is zero
highest intensity of pressure occurs around the circumference at right angles to flow

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