Internal Combustion Engines
In a typical medium speed 4-stroke cycle diesel engine the inlet valve

Opens at top dead center and closes at bottom dead center
Opens at 20° before top dead center and closes at 35° after the bottom dead center
May open or close anywhere
Opens at 10° after top dead center and closes 20° before the bottom dead center

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Internal Combustion Engines
The injector nozzle of a compression ignition engine is required to inject fuel at a sufficiently high pressure in order to

All of these
Ensure that penetration is not high
Inject fuel in a chamber of high pressure at the end of compression stroke
Inject fuel at a high velocity to facilitate atomization

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