Mass Transfer
Plate efficiency

Increases due to liquid entrainment
Increases due to weeping and dumping of liquid
Is a function of the mass transfer between liquid and vapour
Increases due to foaming

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Mass Transfer
Priming in a distillation column

Results from very low gas velocity
Reduces the overall pressure drop
Is desirable from point efficiency consideration
Is characterised by the presence of foam throughout the space between trays

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Mass Transfer
Entrainer used in azeotropic distillation should

Form a low boiling azeotrope with one of the constituents of the mixture
Have high viscosity to provide high tray efficiency
Form a new azeotrope of low relative volatility with one of the constituents of the mixture
Have high latent heat of vaporisation

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