Surveying
On vertical photographs, height displacement is

Negative for points below datum
Zero for points vertically below the air station
All listed here
Positive for points above datum

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Surveying
Refraction correction

completely eliminates curvature correction
adds to the curvature correction
partially eliminates curvature correction
has no effect on curvature correction

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Surveying
The rise and fall method

is not suitable for levelling with tilting levels
provides a check on the reduction of intermediate point levels
quicker and less tedious for large number of intermediate sights
is less accurate than height of instrument method

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Surveying
The meridian of a place is

A great circle passing through the place and the poles
A semi-circle which passes through the place and is terminated at the poles
A great circle whose plane is perpendicular to the axis of rotation and it also passes through the place
An arc of the great circle which passes through the place and is perpendicular to the equator

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