Surveying
On vertical photographs, height displacement is

Zero for points vertically below the air station
Negative for points below datum
All listed here
Positive for points above datum

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Surveying
Refraction correction

has no effect on curvature correction
adds to the curvature correction
partially eliminates curvature correction
completely eliminates curvature correction

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Surveying
The meridian of a place is

A great circle whose plane is perpendicular to the axis of rotation and it also passes through the place
An arc of the great circle which passes through the place and is perpendicular to the equator
A semi-circle which passes through the place and is terminated at the poles
A great circle passing through the place and the poles

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