Concrete Technology and Design of Concrete Structures
Stress strain curve of high tensile steel

has a definite yield point
does not show definite yield point but yield point is defined by 2% proof stress,
does not show definite yield point but yield point is defined by 0.1% proof stress
does not show definite yield point but yield point is defined by 0.2% proof stress

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Concrete Technology and Design of Concrete Structures
Minimum pitch of transverse reinforcement in a column is

lesser of the above three values
sixteen times the smallest diameter of longitudinal reinforcement bar to be tied
forty-eight times the diameter of transverse reinforcement
the least lateral dimension of the member

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Concrete Technology and Design of Concrete Structures
If the depth of neutral axis for a singly reinforced rectangular section is represented by kd in working stress design, then the value of k for balanced section

depends on as, only
depends on both crst and acbc
is independant of both ast and acbc where d is the effective depth, ast is per-missible stress in steel in tension and ocbc is permissible stress in concrete in bending compression.
depends on aCbC only

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