Concrete Technology and Design of Concrete Structures
Minimum pitch of transverse reinforcement in a column is

forty-eight times the diameter of transverse reinforcement
lesser of the above three values
the least lateral dimension of the member
sixteen times the smallest diameter of longitudinal reinforcement bar to be tied

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Concrete Technology and Design of Concrete Structures
High carbon content in the steel causes

increase in tensile strength but decrease in ductility
decrease in tensile strength but increase in ductility
increase in both tensile strength and ductility
decrease in both tensile strength and ductility

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