Al Biruni was made court astrologer in Ghazni and he accompanied with Mahmud on his invasions on India. He lived for several years here and is considered to be first Indologist.
Alauddin Kalji introduced an innovative Chehra and Dagh System wherein the Chehra system involved the detailed description of each soldier and Dagh system involved branding of horses. Strict review of the army from time totime was carried out.