Theory of Machine
Lower pairs are those which have

Two elements that permit relative motion
Elements of pairs not held together mechanically
Surface contact between the two elements when in motion
Point or line contact between the two elements when in motion

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Theory of Machine
The secondary unbalanced force due to inertia of reciprocating parts in a reciprocating engine is given by (where m = Mass of reciprocating parts, ω = Angular speed of crank, r = Radius of crank, θ = Angle of inclination of crank with the line of stroke, and n = Ratio of the length of connecting rod to radius of crank)

m.ω².r (sin 2θ/n)
m.ω².r sinθ
m.ω².r cosθ
m.ω².r (cos 2θ/n)

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Theory of Machine
The maximum fluctuation of energy is the

Variations of energy above and below the mean resisting torque line
Difference between the maximum and minimum energies
Sum of the maximum and minimum energies
Ratio of the mean resisting torque to the work-done per cycle

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