Mass Transfer
Channelling is most severe

At very high liquid flow rate
In dumped packing of regular units
In towers packed with stacked packing
In towers packed randomly with crushed solids

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Mass Transfer
Blowdown in a cooling tower

Is undesirable
Increases the scale forming tendencies of water
All of these
Means discarding a small fraction of circulating water to prevent and limit the concentration of salt and impurities

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