Mass Transfer
In distillation column design, the McCabe-Thiele procedure is inadequate and a Ponchan-Savarit procedure is needed, when

The latent heat of vaporisation of the more and less volatile components are greatly different
An azeotrope forms
Saturated feed is not used
A total condenser is used

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Mass Transfer
To get high tray efficiency

Time of contact between the two phases should be less
Liquid entrainment should be severe
Interfacial surface between liquid and gas phase should be large
Gas velocity should be very low

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