Mass Transfer
In distillation column design, the McCabe-Thiele procedure is inadequate and a Ponchan-Savarit procedure is needed, when

The latent heat of vaporisation of the more and less volatile components are greatly different
An azeotrope forms
A total condenser is used
Saturated feed is not used

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Mass Transfer
In a distillation operation, what is the effect of the temperature of the reflux stream (given below) on the condenser and reboiler loads? Reflux conditions:(i) Reflux stream is completely liquid and is at its bubble point.(ii) Reflux stream is below its bubble point.

Condenser and reboiler loads are the same in both the cases
Reboiler load is the same in both the cases but condenser load is higher in case (ii)
Condenser load is the same in both the cases but reboiler load is higher in case (ii)
Both condensor and reboiler loads are higher in case (ii) as compared to case (i)

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Mass Transfer
An aqueous solution of methanol is to be distilled in a tray column. High pressure steam is available as a source of heat. For a given reflux ratio and overhead composition, two options are being explored; (i) a reboiler is used and (ii) no reboiler is used but steam is fed directly to the bottom of the column. As compared to option (i), in option (ii)

More number of trays are required and the residue composition is more dilute in methanol
Composition of the residue remains unchanged
Less number of trays are required
More number of trays are required but the residue composition remains unchanged

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Mass Transfer
When the solvent dissolves very little of solute, then

Very small quantity of solvent is required
Solvent of low latent heat of vaporisation should be used
Solvent of low freezing point should be used
Large quantity of solvent is required to extract the solute

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