Mass Transfer
In distillation column design, the McCabe-Thiele procedure is inadequate and a Ponchan-Savarit procedure is needed, when

The latent heat of vaporisation of the more and less volatile components are greatly different
A total condenser is used
An azeotrope forms
Saturated feed is not used

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Mass Transfer
Inside the distillation column, the

Liquids are not always at their bubble points
Pressure increases gradually from bottom to the top of the column
Driving force for the vapour flow is the pressure drop
None of these

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