Mass Transfer
In distillation column design, the McCabe-Thiele procedure is inadequate and a Ponchan-Savarit procedure is needed, when

An azeotrope forms
A total condenser is used
Saturated feed is not used
The latent heat of vaporisation of the more and less volatile components are greatly different

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Mass Transfer
A coalescer in a mixer-settler liquid-liquid extraction coloumn

Helps in increasing the settling rate of the bubbles
Comprises of thin bed of substances of extended surface having high porosity
All of these
Helps in increasing the bubble size entering the settler

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