Mass Transfer
HETP is numerically equal to HTU, only when the operating line

Is far from the equilibrium line
Lies below the equilibrium line
And equilibrium lines are parallel
Lies above the equilibrium line

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Mass Transfer
Entrainer used in azeotropic distillation should

Have high viscosity to provide high tray efficiency
Have high latent heat of vaporisation
Form a low boiling azeotrope with one of the constituents of the mixture
Form a new azeotrope of low relative volatility with one of the constituents of the mixture

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