Mubarak Shah was the second ruler of the Sayyid dynasty which ruled the Delhi Sultanate after the fall of the Tughlaq dynasty. He succeeded his father, Khizr Khan to the throne in 1421 CE.
Al Biruni was made court astrologer in Ghazni and he accompanied with Mahmud on his invasions on India. He lived for several years here and is considered to be first Indologist.