Soil Mechanics and Foundation
The effect of cohesion on a soil is to

increase the active earth pressure in-tensity but to reduce the passive earth pressure intensity [GATE 99]
reduce the active earth pressure in-tensity but to increase the passive earth pressure intensity
increase both the active earth pressure intensity and passive earth pressure intensity
reduce both the active earth pressure intensity and passive earth pressure intensity

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Soil Mechanics and Foundation
The major principal stress in an element of cohesion-less soil within the backfill of a retaining wall is

Vertical if the soil is in a passive state of plastic equilibrium
Inclined at 45° to the vertical plane
None of these
Vertical if the soil is in an active state of plastic equilibrium

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