Soil Mechanics and Foundation
Toughness index is defined as the ratio of

plasticity index to flow index
consistency index to liquidity index
liquidity index to flow index
plasticity index to consistency index

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Soil Mechanics and Foundation
The major principal stress in an element of cohesion-less soil within the backfill of a retaining wall is

None of these
Vertical if the soil is in an active state of plastic equilibrium
Vertical if the soil is in a passive state of plastic equilibrium
Inclined at 45° to the vertical plane

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