Soil Mechanics and Foundation
In the triaxial compression test, the application of additional axial stress (i.e. deviator stress) on the soil specimen produces shear stress on

all planes except horizontal and vertical planes
vertical plane only
both horizontal and vertical planes
horizontal plane only

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Soil Mechanics and Foundation
The major principal stress in an element of cohesion-less soil within the backfill of a retaining wall is

None of these
Vertical if the soil is in an active state of plastic equilibrium
Vertical if the soil is in a passive state of plastic equilibrium
Inclined at 45° to the vertical plane

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