Soil Mechanics and Foundation
In the triaxial compression test, the application of additional axial stress (i.e. deviator stress) on the soil specimen produces shear stress on

horizontal plane only
both horizontal and vertical planes
all planes except horizontal and vertical planes
vertical plane only

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Soil Mechanics and Foundation
The major principal stress in an element of cohesion-less soil within the backfill of a retaining wall is

None of these
Inclined at 45° to the vertical plane
Vertical if the soil is in an active state of plastic equilibrium
Vertical if the soil is in a passive state of plastic equilibrium

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Soil Mechanics and Foundation
Effective stress on soil

Increases both voids ratio and permeability
Decreases both voids ratio and permeability
Decreases voids ratio and increases permeability
Increases voids ratio and decreases permeability

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