Soil Mechanics and Foundation
A retaining wall 6m high supports a backfill with a surcharge angle of 10°. The back of the wall is inclined to the vertical at a positive batter angle of 5°. If the angle of wall friction is 7°, then the resultant active earth pressure will act at a distance of 2 m above the base and inclined to the horizontal at an angle of

10°
17°
12°

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Soil Mechanics and Foundation
The major principal stress in an element of cohesion-less soil within the backfill of a retaining wall is

Vertical if the soil is in an active state of plastic equilibrium
Vertical if the soil is in a passive state of plastic equilibrium
None of these
Inclined at 45° to the vertical plane

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Soil Mechanics and Foundation
Effective stress on soil

Increases both voids ratio and permeability
Increases voids ratio and decreases permeability
Decreases both voids ratio and permeability
Decreases voids ratio and increases permeability

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