Theory of Machine
In considering friction of a V-thread, the virtual coefficient of friction (μ₁) is given by

μ₁ = μ/cos β
μ₁ = μ/sin β
μ₁ = μ cos β
μ₁ = μ sin β

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Theory of Machine
Two pulleys of radii r₁ and r₂ and at distance x apart are connected by means of a cross belt drive. The length of the belt is

π (r₁ + r₂) + [(r₁ + r₂)²/x] + 2x
π (r₁ + r₂) + [(r₁ - r₂)²/x] + 2x
π (r₁ - r₂) + [(r₁ - r₂)²/x] + 2x
π (r₁ - r₂) + [(r₁ + r₂)²/x] + 2x

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Theory of Machine
In a steam engine, one method of obtaining the earlier cut-off with a simple slide valve is by increasing the angle of advance of the eccentric while the throw of the eccentric, steam lap and exhaust lap are kept constant. This method will

Cause withdrawing or throttling of steam
Reduce length of effective stroke of piston
Reduce maximum opening of port to steam
All of these

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