Process Equipment and Plant Design
In actual operation of distillation column, the vapour is not distributed uniformly among the bubble caps, primarily because of the

Lower skirt clearance
Lower static submergence
Small downcomer liquid seal
Liquid gradient on the tray

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Process Equipment and Plant Design
Pick out the wrong statement pertaining to shell and tube heat exchanger.

Bracket supports are used for horizontal shell, while saddle support is used for vertical shell
Tie rods are fixed at one end in the tube sheet by making blind holes and the minimum number of tie rods is 4 with at least 10 mm diameter
Baffles are supported independently of the tubes by tie rods and positioned by spacers
Clearance between shell & baffles and between tube & baffles should be minimum to avoid by-passing of the fluid, but it should be enough to permit the removal of tube bundle

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Process Equipment and Plant Design
Vertical condenser is advantageous to the horizontal condenser from operation point of view, when

Sub cooling of condensate is desired
Only the function of condensation is to be carried out
Hydrostatic head is required for refluxing the condensate
Both the functions of condensation & sub cooling are carried out in a single unit

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Process Equipment and Plant Design
In a shell and tube heat exchanger, the clearance of the tube is generally

More in case of triangular pitch as compared to the square pitch tube layout
More than the tube diameter
Equal to the tube diameter
Not less than one-fourth of the tube diameter or 3/16"

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Process Equipment and Plant Design
High pressure fluid in a shell and tube heat exchanger should preferably be routed through the

Shell side for large overall heat transfer co-efficient
Shell side for smaller total pressure drop
Shell side, if the flow is counter-current and tube side if the flow is co-current
Tubes to avoid the expansion of high pressure shell construction

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