Process Equipment and Plant Design
In actual operation of distillation column, the vapour is not distributed uniformly among the bubble caps, primarily because of the

Small downcomer liquid seal
Liquid gradient on the tray
Lower skirt clearance
Lower static submergence

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Process Equipment and Plant Design
For turbulent flow (NRe > 2100) of low viscosity fluid (μ > 20cp) in steel pipes, the optimum inside pipe diameter is given by(where, Q = fluid flow rate, ft³/sec.ρ = fluid density, lb/ft³ μ = fluid viscosity, centipoise Di = optimum inside pipe diameter, inches)

Di, opt = 4.7 Q0.36 . μ3.2ρ0.13
Di, opt = 3.9 Q0.45 ρ0.13
Di, opt = 3 Q0.36 . μ0.88
Di, opt = 3.9 Q0.45 . μ0.95

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