Process Equipment and Plant Design
In actual operation of distillation column, the vapour is not distributed uniformly among the bubble caps, primarily because of the

Liquid gradient on the tray
Lower static submergence
Lower skirt clearance
Small downcomer liquid seal

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Process Equipment and Plant Design
A stuffing box is used for

Prevention of fluid leakage around moving parts
Facilitating smooth opening and closing of a valve
Reducing the resistance of fluid flow
Absorbing the contraction/expansion of pipeline due to temperature changes

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