Process Equipment and Plant Design
In actual operation of distillation column, the vapour is not distributed uniformly among the bubble caps, primarily because of the

Small downcomer liquid seal
Liquid gradient on the tray
Lower static submergence
Lower skirt clearance

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Process Equipment and Plant Design
Practical dividing line between a ductile and brittle materials is suggested, when the ultimate elongation is about 5%. Generally, larger the knuckle radius, stronger is the corner torus section of a head. The knuckle radius provided should be less than __________ of the head.

Either A or B, whichever is larger
3 times the thickness
Either A or B, whichever is smaller
6% of I.D.

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