Process Equipment and Plant Design
In actual operation of distillation column, the vapour is not distributed uniformly among the bubble caps, primarily because of the

Liquid gradient on the tray
Lower skirt clearance
Small downcomer liquid seal
Lower static submergence

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Process Equipment and Plant Design
The function of manholes provided in the shell of a distillation column is to

All of these
Keep a check on the liquid gradient over the plate by direct visual observation
Give access to the individual trays for cleaning, maintenance and installation
Guard against foaming & entrainment by dumping antifoaming agent through it

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Process Equipment and Plant Design
A head comprises of straight flange section, corner torus, section and central dished section. Crown radius and knuckle radius in a head is related respectively to the

Straight flange section and corner torus section
Central dished section and corner torus section
Corner torus section and central dished section
Central dished section and straight flange section

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Process Equipment and Plant Design
For a cylindrical shell, (subject to the thickness of uppermost course being more than the minimum for diaofthe tank in question), the thickness of the courses of shell

Remains same throughout
Decreases upwards
Increases upwards
May decrease or increase upwards depending upon whether vacuum or positive pressure would be maintained inside the shell

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