Process Equipment and Plant Design
In actual operation of distillation column, the vapour is not distributed uniformly among the bubble caps, primarily because of the

Lower skirt clearance
Liquid gradient on the tray
Lower static submergence
Small downcomer liquid seal

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Process Equipment and Plant Design
Overall tray efficiency of a distillation column is the ratio of the number of

None of these
Real trays required to the number of ideal trays required
Ideal trays required to the number of real trays required
Overall gas transfer units to the number of ideal trays required

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