Process Equipment and Plant Design
In actual operation of distillation column, the vapour is not distributed uniformly among the bubble caps, primarily because of the

Liquid gradient on the tray
Small downcomer liquid seal
Lower skirt clearance
Lower static submergence

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Process Equipment and Plant Design
Pick out the wrong statement pertaining to the use of valve tray, seive tray and bubble cap trays in continuous distillation column.

Bubble cap trays though most expensive are the best in situations, where low vapour rates is to be handled and a positive liquid seal is essential at all flow rates
Murphree efficiency of all the three trays are nearly equal, however the peak efficiency is generally higher for seive and valve trays than the bubble cap
Maintenance cost for valve and seive trays are comparatively more than bubble cap tray due to their relatively complicated construction features
Valve trays have the highest turn down ratio (i.e. the ratio of the highest to the lowest vapour flow rates) and thus provides the maximum flexible operating range

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Process Equipment and Plant Design
Smoker's equation for the calculation of number of equilibrium stages in a continuous binary distillation column is used, when the

Number of equilibrium stages in only stripping section is to be calculated
Number of equilibrium stages required is likely to be very small
Feed is not at its bubble point
Relative volatility is close to one (e.g., separation of close boiling isomers)

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