Process Equipment and Plant Design
In actual operation of distillation column, the vapour is not distributed uniformly among the bubble caps, primarily because of the

Lower static submergence
Small downcomer liquid seal
Lower skirt clearance
Liquid gradient on the tray

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Process Equipment and Plant Design
Practical dividing line between a ductile and brittle materials is suggested, when the ultimate elongation is about 5%. Generally, larger the knuckle radius, stronger is the corner torus section of a head. The knuckle radius provided should be less than __________ of the head.

Either A or B, whichever is smaller
6% of I.D.
Either A or B, whichever is larger
3 times the thickness

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Process Equipment and Plant Design
The LMTD correction factor (FT) is defined as the

Differenced of true temperature difference and the LMTD
Geometric mean of the true temperature difference and the LMTD
Ratio of LMTD to the true temperature difference
Ratio of true temperature difference to the LMTD

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