Process Equipment and Plant Design
In actual operation of distillation column, the vapour is not distributed uniformly among the bubble caps, primarily because of the

Lower skirt clearance
Liquid gradient on the tray
Small downcomer liquid seal
Lower static submergence

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Process Equipment and Plant Design
In a vertical short tube evaporator (Calendria type), the

Liquor is inside the tube while the steam is outside the tube
Area of central downtake is equal to 40 to 100% of total cross-sectional area of the surrounding tube
All of these
Tube dia of 2.5-7.5 cms, tube length of 75-200 cms and cylinderical drum dia of 1-6 metres are normally used

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Process Equipment and Plant Design
Bubble cap tray is the most commonly used tray in large distillation column, because

None of these
It incurs less pressure drop as compared to any other try designed for the same duty
It eliminates the foaming and entrain-ment tendency during operation
Of its flexibility and nearly constant efficiency under varying conditions of operation

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