Hydraulics and Fluid Mechanics in ME
In a reaction turbine, the draft tube is used

To run the turbine full
To prevent air to enter the turbine
To transport water to downstream
To increase the head of water by an amount equal to the height of the runner outlet above the tail race

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Hydraulics and Fluid Mechanics in ME
The discharge over a rectangular weir, considering the velocity of approach, is (whereH1 = H + Ha = Total height of water above the weir, H = Height of water over the crest of the weir, and Ha = Height of water due to velocity of approach)

(2/3) Cd × L. √2g [H15/2 - Ha5/2]
(2/3) Cd × L.√2g [H1 - Ha]
(2/3) Cd × L. √2g [H13/2 - Ha3/2]
(2/3) Cd × L.√2g [H12 - Ha2]

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Hydraulics and Fluid Mechanics in ME
For similarity, in addition to models being geometrically similar to prototype, the following in both cases should also be equal

ratio of inertial force to force due to surface tension
ratio of inertial force to force due to gravitation
all the four ratios of inertial force to force due to viscosity, gravitation, surface tension, and elasticity
ratio of inertial force to force due to viscosity

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