Hydraulics and Fluid Mechanics in ME
In a reaction turbine, the draft tube is used

To increase the head of water by an amount equal to the height of the runner outlet above the tail race
To prevent air to enter the turbine
To run the turbine full
To transport water to downstream

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Hydraulics and Fluid Mechanics in ME
The total head of a liquid particle in motion is equal to

Pressure head + kinetic head + potential head
Potential head - (pressure head + kinetic head)
Kinetic head - (pressure head + potential head)
Pressure head - (kinetic head + potential head)

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Hydraulics and Fluid Mechanics in ME
Coefficient of resistance is the ratio of

Area of jet at vena-contracta to the area of orifice
Actual discharge through an orifice to the theoretical discharge
Actual velocity of jet at vena-contracta to the theoretical velocity
Loss of head in the orifice to the head of water available at the exit of the orifice

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