Theory of Machine
In a Hartnell governor, the stiffness of the spring is given by (where S1 and S2 = Spring forces exerted on the sleeve at max. and min. radii of rotation, and h = Compression of the spring)

(S₁ + S₂) / h
(S₁ - S₂) / 2h
(S₁ + S₂) / 2h
(S₁ - S₂) / h

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Theory of Machine
The primary unbalanced force due to inertia of reciprocating parts in a reciprocating engine is given by (where m = Mass of reciprocating parts, ω = Angular speed of crank, r = Radius of crank, θ = Angle of inclination of crank with the line of stroke, and n = Ratio of the length of connecting rod to radius of crank)

m.ω².r (cos 2θ/n)
m.ω².r cosθ
m.ω².r (sin 2θ/n)
m.ω².r sinθ

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Theory of Machine
Effort of a governor is the

Mean force exerted at the sleeve for a given percentage change of speed
Work-done at the sleeve for maximum equilibrium speed
None of these
Mean force exerted at the sleeve for maximum equilibrium speed

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