DC Generators
In a D.C. generator in order to reduce sparking at brushes, the self-induced e.m.f. in the coil is neutralized by all of the following except

Interpoles
Compensating winding
Shifting of axis of brushes
Dummy coils

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DC Generators
Lap winding is composed of

That even number which is exact multiple of poles + 2
Any odd number of conductors
Any even number of conductors
That even number which is exact multiple of poles

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DC Generators
When two D.C. series generators are running in parallel, an equalizer bar is used

To increase the series flux
To increase the speed and hence generated e.m.f.
So that two similar machines will pass approximately equal currents to the load
To reduce the combined effect of armature reaction of both machines

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