DC Generators
In a D.C. generator in order to reduce sparking at brushes, the self-induced e.m.f. in the coil is neutralized by all of the following except

Shifting of axis of brushes
Interpoles
Dummy coils
Compensating winding

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DC Generators
In a D.C. generator

External characteristic = magnetization characteristic ohmic drop armature reaction
External resistance = internal characteristic armature reaction
Internal characteristic = magnetization characteristic ohmic drop
Magnetization characteristic = external characteristic

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