DC Generators
In a D.C. machine stray loss is the sum of

Iron loss and mechanical loss
Armature copper loss and iron loss
Shunt field copper loss and mechanical loss
Total copper loss and mechanical loss

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DC Generators
Lap winding is composed of

That even number which is exact multiple of poles
Any odd number of conductors
Any even number of conductors
That even number which is exact multiple of poles + 2

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