RCC Structures Design
If the size of a column is reduced above the floor, the main bars of the columns, are

Stopped just below the floor level and separate lap bars provided
All of the listed here
Bent inward at the floor level
Continued up

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RCC Structures Design
In a beam the local bond stress Sb, is equal to

Shear force/(Leaver arm × Total perimeter of reinforcement)
Leaver arm/(Shear force × Total perimeter of reinforcement)
Leaver arm/(Bending moment × Total perimeter of reinforcement)
Total perimeter of reinforcement/(Leaver arm × Shear force)

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RCC Structures Design
If A is the area of the foundation of a retaining wall carrying a load W and retaining earth of weight 'w' per unit volume, the minimum depth (h) of the foundation from the free surface of the earth, is

h = √(W/Aw) [(1 - sin φ)/(1 + sin φ)]²
h = (W/Aw) [(1 - sin φ)/(1 + sin φ)]²
h = (W/Aw) [(1 - sin φ)/(1 + sin φ)]
h = (W/Aw) [(1 + sin φ)/(1 + sin φ)]

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