Surveying
If the length of a chain is found to be short on testing, it can be adjusted by

All of these
closing the joints of the rings if opened out
straightening the links
removing one or more small circular rings

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Surveying
The meridian of a place is

An arc of the great circle which passes through the place and is perpendicular to the equator
A semi-circle which passes through the place and is terminated at the poles
A great circle passing through the place and the poles
A great circle whose plane is perpendicular to the axis of rotation and it also passes through the place

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