Surveying
If the length of a chain is found to be short on testing, it can be adjusted by

removing one or more small circular rings
closing the joints of the rings if opened out
All of these
straightening the links

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Surveying
Homologous points are

Corresponding points on the ground and photograph
Opposite corners of a photograph
Nodal points of the camera lens
Plumb points of stereo pair of photographs

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