Surveying
If the altitudes of a star at its upper and lower transits are 60° 30' and 19° 30' respectively, the latitude of the place, is

35°
30°
45°
60°

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Surveying
The error due to eccentricity of inner and outer axes can be eliminated by

taking mean of several readings distributed over different portions of the graduated circle
taking both face observations and taking the mean of the two
double sighting
reading both verniers and taking the mean of the two

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