Electrical Machines
The damper windings also called the squirrel cage windings or damper grids

  consists of short-circuited copper bars embedded in the field pole faces.
  both (A) and (B).
  are provided in a synchronous motor to make it self starting.
  are provided on the stator for improving power factor.

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Electrical Machines
The synchronous reactance( Xs) is the

 reactance due to armature reaction of the machine
 reactance either due to armature reaction or leakage flux
 combined reactance due to armature reaction and leakage flux
 reactance due to leakage flux

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