Surveying
If E is the spherical excess and R the radius of the earth, the surface area of the triangle, is

πR²E/270°
πR²E/180°
πR²E/90°
πR²E/360°

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Surveying
Which of the following errors can be eliminated by taking mean of bot face observations ?

error due to imperfect adjustment of plate levels
error due to imperfect graduations
error due to line of collimation not being perpendicular to horizontal axis
error due to eccentricity of verniers

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