Surveying
If E is the spherical excess and R the radius of the earth, the surface area of the triangle, is

πR²E/360°
πR²E/180°
πR²E/270°
πR²E/90°

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Surveying
Dumpy level is most suitable when

the instrument is to be shifted frequently
many readings are to be taken from a single setting of the instrument
All of these
fly levelling is being done over long distance

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