Surveying
If E is the spherical excess and R the radius of the earth, the surface area of the triangle, is

πR²E/180°
πR²E/270°
πR²E/90°
πR²E/360°

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Surveying
The rise and fall method

is less accurate than height of instrument method
provides a check on the reduction of intermediate point levels
quicker and less tedious for large number of intermediate sights
is not suitable for levelling with tilting levels

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