Machine Design
If d is the normal diameter of a bolt in mm, then the initial tension in kg in a bolt used for making a fluid tight joint as for steam engine cover joint is calculated by the relation

138 d
151 d
124 d
168 d

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Machine Design
Slenderness ratio is the ratio of

Width of column to depth of column
Effective length of column to width of column
Maximum size of column to minimum size of column
Effective length of column to least radius of gyration of the column

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