Machine Design
If d is the normal diameter of a bolt in mm, then the initial tension in kg in a bolt used for making a fluid tight joint as for steam engine cover joint is calculated by the relation

124 d
151 d
138 d
168 d

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Machine Design
Spring index is

Ratio of coil diameter to wire diameter
Load required to produce unit deflection
Its capability of storing energy
Indication of quality of spring

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