Surveying
If ‘δ’ is the declination of the Polaris and ‘λ’ is the latitude of the place, the azimuth of the Polaris, is

tan (90° + δ)/tan (90° + λ)
sin (90° - δ)/sin (90° - λ)
cos (90° - δ)/cos (90° - λ)
cos δ/cos λ

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Surveying
Refraction correction

partially eliminates curvature correction
completely eliminates curvature correction
has no effect on curvature correction
adds to the curvature correction

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Surveying
Accidental errors

Cannot be removed by applying corrections to the observed values
All of these
Do not follow any definite mathematical law
Are generally small

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