Surveying
If ‘δ’ is the declination of the Polaris and ‘λ’ is the latitude of the place, the azimuth of the Polaris, is

tan (90° + δ)/tan (90° + λ)
sin (90° - δ)/sin (90° - λ)
cos (90° - δ)/cos (90° - λ)
cos δ/cos λ

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Surveying
The length of a chain is measured from

outside of one handle to inside of other handle
outside of one handle to outside of other handle
centre of one handle to centre of other handle
inside of one handle to inside of other handle

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Surveying
Normal tension is that pull which

makes the correction due to pull equal to zero
is used at the time of standardising the tape
makes the correction due to sag equal to zero
neutralizes the effect due to pull and sag

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