RCC Structures Design
If C is creep coefficient, f is original pre-stress in concrete, m is modular ratio, E is Young's modulus of steel and e is shrinkage strain, the combined effect of creep and shrinkage is:

(C - 1) mf - eE
(C - 1) mf + eE
(1 - C) mf + eE
(1 - C) mf - eE

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RCC Structures Design
In a beam the local bond stress Sb, is equal to

Leaver arm/(Shear force × Total perimeter of reinforcement)
Shear force/(Leaver arm × Total perimeter of reinforcement)
Total perimeter of reinforcement/(Leaver arm × Shear force)
Leaver arm/(Bending moment × Total perimeter of reinforcement)

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