Manufacturing And Production Technology
In determining the various forces on the chip, Merchant assumed that the

All of these
Only continuous chip without built-up-edge is produced
Cutting edge of the tool is sharp and it does not make any flank contact with the workpiece
Cutting velocity remains constant

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Manufacturing And Production Technology
Lapping is an operation of

Smoothing and squaring the surface around a hole
Sizing and finishing a small diameter hole
Making a cone-shaped enlargement of the end of a hole
Producing a hole by removing metal along the circumference of a hollow cutting tool

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Manufacturing And Production Technology
The facing is an operation of

Machining the ends of a workpiece to produce a flat surface square with the axis
Beveling the extreme end of a workpiece
Embossing a diamond shaped pattern on the surface of a workpiece
Reducing the diameter of a workpiece over a very narrow surface

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