Internal Combustion Engines
Compression ratio of I.C. Engines is

Ratio of pressure after compression and before compression
Volume displaced by piston per stroke and clearance volume in cylinder
Swept volume/cylinder volume
The ratio of volumes of air in cylinder before compression stroke and after compression stroke

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Internal Combustion Engines
Which one of the following event would reduce volumetric efficiency of a vertical compression ignition engine?

Inlet valve closing after bottom dead center
Inlet valve closing before bottom dead center
Inlet valve opening before top dead center
Exhaust valve closing after top dead center

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