Process Equipment and Plant Design
Generally, elliptical dished heads

Are approximately as strong as seamless cylindrical shell having the corresponding I.D and O.D
Are manufactured on 2:1 ratio of major to minor axis and is recommended to be used for pressure vessels operating above a pressure of 1.5 MN/m²
All of these
Resist half the pressure rating compared to hemi spherical head provided on the cylindrical shell of the same thickness and diameter

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Process Equipment and Plant Design
For turbulent flow (NRe > 2100) of low viscosity fluid (μ > 20cp) in steel pipes, the optimum inside pipe diameter is given by(where, Q = fluid flow rate, ft³/sec.ρ = fluid density, lb/ft³ μ = fluid viscosity, centipoise Di = optimum inside pipe diameter, inches)

Di, opt = 3 Q0.36 . μ0.88
Di, opt = 3.9 Q0.45 ρ0.13
Di, opt = 4.7 Q0.36 . μ3.2ρ0.13
Di, opt = 3.9 Q0.45 . μ0.95

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