Process Equipment and Plant Design
Bubble cap tray is the most commonly used tray in large distillation column, because

It eliminates the foaming and entrain-ment tendency during operation
It incurs less pressure drop as compared to any other try designed for the same duty
None of these
Of its flexibility and nearly constant efficiency under varying conditions of operation

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Process Equipment and Plant Design
Smoker's equation for the calculation of number of equilibrium stages in a continuous binary distillation column is used, when the

Relative volatility is close to one (e.g., separation of close boiling isomers)
Number of equilibrium stages required is likely to be very small
Number of equilibrium stages in only stripping section is to be calculated
Feed is not at its bubble point

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