Control Systems
When deriving the transfer function of linear element

 initial conditions are assumed to be zero but loading is taken into account.
 initial conditions are assumed to be zero and the element is assumed to be not loaded.
 initial conditions are taken into account but the element is assumed to be not loaded.
 both initial conditions and loading are taken into account.

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Control Systems
A cascade of three linear time invariant systems is causal and unstable. From this we conclude that

 at least one system is unstable and at least one system is causal.
 each system in the cascade is individually caused and unstable.
 the majority are unstable and the majority are causal.
 at least one system is causal and all systems are unstable.

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