Hydraulics and Fluid Mechanics in ME
For a body floating in a liquid the normal pressure exerted by the liquid acts at

bottom surface of the body
e.g. of the body
metacentre
all points on the surface of the body

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Hydraulics and Fluid Mechanics in ME
Coefficient of contraction is the ratio of

Loss of head in the orifice to the head of water available at the exit of the orifice
Area of jet at vena-contracta to the area of orifice
Actual velocity of jet at vena contracta to the theoretical velocity
Loss of head in the orifice to the head of water available at the exit of the orifice

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Hydraulics and Fluid Mechanics in ME
In a reaction turbine, the draft tube is used

To run the turbine full
To increase the head of water by an amount equal to the height of the runner outlet above the tail race
To prevent air to enter the turbine
To transport water to downstream

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